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UK impact of trial data
Dr Fiona McDonald (London, UK) discusses radical treatment for oligo metastatic NSCLC and if it should be the standard of care and Professor James Spicer (London, UK), the session Chair, gives his highlights
Interviews by Esther Drain. Article by Christine Clark.
Radical treatment for oligo-metastatic NSCLC
Tackling the question of whether radical treatment should be the standard of care for oligo-metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Dr Fiona McDonald (Consultant Thoracic Clinical Oncologist, Royal Marsden Hospital, Surrey, UK) explained that oligo-metastatic disease could be synchronous (when metastases are detected at the same time as the primary tumour) or metachronous (when metastases develop later). Disease can also be described as oligo-persistent (when a few lesions persist after treatment) or oligo-progressive (when a few lesion progress but other sites remain controlled after treatment).
“Radical treatment is already the standard of care for oligometastatic disease”, argued Dr McDonald.
Stereotactic radio-surgery (SRS) for cerebral metastases has grown rapidly at the Royal Marsden Hospital in recent years. Of the patients with brain metastases about 40% arise from NSCLC adenocarcinoma. The Oli-GOMEZ trial showed that local consolidation therapy (LCT) resulted in a median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 12 months vs 4 months in favour of LCT. The trial was stopped early because of this huge difference, said Dr McDonald.
Several further trials demonstrated the benefit of consolidation radiotherapy using modern radiotherapy techniques and more trials are in progress.
Until the results of these trials are available the clear benefit in PFS [shown in the Oli-Gomez trial] should provide sufficient justification to treat – as if it would for a drug trial, she argued.
Mesothelioma cachexia
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial condition associated with ongoing loss of skeletal muscle and progressive functional impairment (sarcopenia) but cannot be fully reversed by nutritional support, explained Dr Andrew Kidd (Clinical Research Fellow, University of Glasgow). Sarcopenia is reported to affect 83% lung cancer inpatients but prevalence of sarcopenia in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) was not known.
Dr Kidd’s work has shown a sarcopenia prevalence of 37% in MPM patients – all of whom are deemed suitable for chemotherapy, he noted. No trials of treatment for sarcopenia or weight loss in MPM have been reported. Ongoing trials for cancer cachexia in general are evaluating the impact of a variety of interventions including anabolic steroids, nutritional advice, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.
Dr Kidd concluded that more research is needed to define a targeted approach to sarcopenia in MPM.
Immunotherapy in SCLC
Despite four decades of research and more than 100 randomised controlled trials, there were no real advances in the treatment of small cell lung cancer until the arrival of immunotherapy in 2018, according to Professor Michaela Higgins (Mater Misericordiae University Hospital Dublin). SCLC is strongly correlated with cigarette smoking and is rarely seen in non-smokers. The majority of patients present with extensive stage disease and the one-year survival is 37%. Until 2018 the standard of care was treatment with platinum and etoposide resulting in a median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 2.3 months and a five-year survival of less than 2%.
SCLCs have high mutational burden and might therefore be susceptible to immunotherapy.
The IMpower 133 trial showed that the addition of atezolizumab to carboplatin and etoposide for first-line treatment resulted in a 12-month overall survival (OS) of 51.7% vs 38.2% (HR 0.7 (HR 0.7 (95% CI: 0.54-0.91, p= 0.0069)). On the basis of these findings atezolizumab was granted FDA priority status and is now included in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline (in the USA), but, in Europe, the EMA did not approve the drug.
In relapsed/recurrent SCLC response rates to single agent immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) range from 10–36%. Nivolumab monotherapy is associated with median duration of response (mDOR) of nearly 18 months. Pembrolizumab monotherapy appears to be more efficacious in PD-L1 positive tumours. However, the survival outcomes are “modest” overall and the cost is high, said Professor Higgins.
Other drugs including DLL3 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors and lurbinectidin, an RNA polymerase II inhibitor, are on the horizon for SCLC.
In conclusion, Professor Higgins said, “We are making progress in small cell lung cancer at last – but it is slow. Don’t throw out your chemotherapy [yet]!”
Nurse-led clinics
Nurse led chemotherapy clinics in Kent were started in 2005 and involved only oral vinorelbine. Now, they administer the full range of intravenous chemotherapy and since 2015, immunotherapy as well. Sandra Wakelin (Clinical Nurse Specialist, Maidstone Hospital) described how an assessment tool had been developed to ensure that safe and standardised practice is followed throughout the county. The nurse-led clinic runs weekly alongside the consultant’s clinic; 20-minute appointment slots are allocated and 6–10 patients are seen each week.
Ideally patients should be seen in the nurse-led clinic two days before treatment is administered for blood tests and toxicity assessments. On the day of treatment the patients are contacted by chemotherapy team to check that they are fit for treatment. All patients are provided with telephone numbers for emergency chemotherapy and lung clinical nurse specialist contacts.
The benefits of nurse-led clinics include holistic assessments, continuity of care, timely CT scans/appointments and a formalised assessment process. It also liberates some consultant time and ensures a more streamlined service.
In order to work in this way nurses need to undertake additional training, for example clinical nurse specialists are degree-level, registered nurses with additional training in radiation safety, systemic anti-cancer treatment (SACT), non-medical prescribing, clinical and consultation skills.
The job is satisfying and audits show that patients are safely assessed and toxicities are detected and managed appropriately. In addition, there is positive feedback from patients.
Nurses had to learn about new types of side effects, explained Ms Wakelin. “Immunotherapy is generally well-tolerated – some patients think it is not working because they do not get chemotherapy side effects”, she said.
Based on presentations given at the 17th Annual BTOG Conference, Dublin, January 2019
